Extraction method pdf

Considering the results obtained, it should be highlighted that prickly pear peel extract obtained at MPa was the only extract able to inhibit the growth of these three pathogenic bacteria. Figure 1 shows the inhibition curves observed for S. Antimicrobial activity is dependent on the specific bacteria, and polyphenols have been associated with this activity. The position of the OH group in the aromatic ring of polyphenols and the length of the saturated side chain may cause an inhibitory action in bacteria [25].

These hydroxyl groups can degrade bacteria cell membranes, leading to lysis and the release of cellular content. Additionally, metabolic pathways of bacteria may also be destroyed by hydroxyl groups, which may act in the active site of enzymes [25]. Figure 1. Inactivation curves for a S. Foods , 10, 10 of 13 Figure 2 shows the microbiological loads for B. For B. The method used in our study to find all MIC was visual observation, which is not as accurate as the spectrophotometric method. Sometimes, visual observation does not perceive the turbidity caused by cellular growth when microbial loads are low, but these can be detected spectrophotometrically.

Figure 2. Microbiological loads of a B. The horizontal line in the graphs represents the initial load of microorganism added to the extracts. Principal Component Analysis The three principal components are presented in Figure 3. This variation can be mainly attributed to total carotenoids and all individual compounds, which are positively related, and inhibition halos. In general, all variables were somehow related since antioxidant activity is directly associated with total and individual compounds.

Figure 3. Individual compounds are identified by their chemical formula. Conclusions In general, both emerging technologies ohmic heating OH and high pressure HP allowed higher extraction yields than Soxhlet extraction, higher antioxidant activity, and, in some specific conditions, showed the capability to inactivate some bacteria.

As expected, total antioxidant activity measured by all methods followed a similar trend. Among technologies, OH and combined extractions also allowed us to obtain higher extraction yields. All results were important, but the inactivation of B. Although no synergetic effect was observed in the combined methods, OH and HP extractions were able to significantly increase total phenolic extraction yields and total antioxidant activity.

Moreover, some of these extracts were able to inhibit some specific bacteria. Thus, both technologies have the potential to be applied to increase the success of extractions. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, E. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Data are not available. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References 1. Hahn, T. Cauterizer technology increases cactus pear shelf life. In Postharvest Handling; Kahramanoglu, I. Physical and antioxidant characterization of edible films added with red prickly pear opuntia ficus-indica L. Food Bioproc. Alexandre, E. Comparison of emerging technologies to extract high-added value compounds from fruit residues: Pressure- and electro-based technologies.

Food Eng. Jun, X. High-pressure processing as emergent technology for the extraction of bioactive ingredients from plant materials. Food Sci. Huang, H. Advances in the extraction of natural ingredients by high pressure extraction technology. Trends Food Sci. Kumar, T. A review on ohmic heating technology: Principle, applications and scope. Ettalibi, F. Drying impact on physicochemical and biochemical criteria of prickly pear fruit peels of three varieties of opuntia spp.

Today Proc. Oliveira, A. Food Chem. Cruz, L. A study on the quality and identity of brazilian pampa biome honey: Evidences for its beneficial effects against oxidative stress and hyperglycemia. Wang, Y. The flavonoid, carotenoid and pectin content in peels of citrus cultivated in Taiwan. Re, R. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay.

Free Radic. Gelatin-based films reinforced with montmorillonite and activated with nanoemulsion of ginger essential oil for food packaging applications. Food Packag.

Shelf Life , 10, 87— Silva, S. The purposes of standardized extraction procedures for crude drugs are to attain the therapeutically desired portion and to eliminate the inert material by treatment with a selective solvent known as menstruum. The extract thus obtained may be ready for use as a medicinal agent in the form of tinctures and fluid extracts, it may be further processed to be incorporated in any dosage form such as tablets or capsules, or it may be fractionated to isolate individual chemical entities such as ajmalicine, hyoscine and vincristine, which are modern drugs.

Thus, standardization of extraction procedures contributes significantly to the final quality of the herbal drug. Methods of Extraction of Medicinal Plants Maceration In this process, the whole or coarsely powdered crude drug is placed in a stoppered container with the solvent and allowed to stand at room temperature for a period of at least 3 days with frequent agitation until the soluble matter has dissolved.

The mixture then is strained, the marc the damp solid material is pressed, and the combined liquids are clarified by filtration or decantation after standing.

These are dilute solutions of the readily soluble constituents of crude drugs. Digestion This is a form of maceration in which gentle heat is used during the process of extraction. It is used when moderately elevated temperature is not objectionable. The solvent efficiency of the menstruum is thereby increased. Decoction In this process, the crude drug is boiled in a specified volume of water for a defined time; it is then cooled and strained or filtered.

This procedure is suitable for extracting water-soluble, heat- stable constituents. The starting ratio of crude drug to water is fixed, e. Then, the concentrated extract is filtered and used as such or processed further. Percolation This is the procedure used most frequently to extract active ingredients in the preparation of tinctures and fluid extracts. A percolator a narrow, cone-shaped vessel open at both ends is generally used.

The solid ingredients are moistened with an appropriate amount of the specified menstruum and allowed to stand for approximately 4 h in a well closed container, after which the mass is packed and the top of the percolator is closed. Additional menstruum is added to form a shallow layer above the mass, and the mixture is allowed to macerate in the closed percolator for 24 h. The outlet of the percolator then is opened and the liquid contained therein is allowed to drip slowly.

Additional menstruum is added as required, until the percolate measures about three-quarters of the required volume of the finished product. The marc is then pressed and the expressed liquid is added to the percolate. Sufficient menstruum is added to produce the required volume, and the mixed liquid is clarified by filtration or by standing followed by decanting. The extracting solvent in flask A is heated, and its vapors condense in condenser D. The condensed extractant drips into the thimble containing the crude drug, and extracts it by contact.

When the level of liquid in chamber E rises to the top of siphon tube C, the liquid contents of chamber E siphon into fl ask A. This process is continuous and is carried out until a drop of solvent from the siphon tube does not leave residue when evaporated. The advantage of this method, compared to previously described methods, is that large amounts of drug can be extracted with a much smaller quantity of solvent.

This effects tremendous economy in terms of time, energy and consequently financial inputs. At small scale, it is employed as a batch process only, but it becomes much more economical and viable when converted into a continuous extraction procedure on medium or large scale.

Aqueous Alcoholic Extraction by Fermentation Some medicinal preparations of Ayurveda like asava and arista adopt the technique of fermentation for extracting the active principles. The extraction procedure involves soaking the crude drug, in the form of either a powder or a decoction kasaya , for a specified period of time, during which it undergoes fermentation and generates alcohol in situ; this facilitates the extraction of the active constituents contained in the plant material.

The alcohol thus generated also serves as a preservative. If the fermentation is to be carried out in an earthen vessel, it should not be new: water should first be boiled in the vessel. In large-scale manufacture, wooden vats, porcelain jars or metal vessels are used in place of earthen vessels. Some examples of such preparations are karpurasava, kanakasava, dasmularista. In Ayurveda, this method is not yet standardized but, with the extraordinarily high degree of advancement in fermentation technology, it should not be difficult to standardize this technique of extraction for the production of herbal drug extracts.

Counter-current Extraction In counter-current extraction CCE , wet raw material is pulverized using toothed disc disintegrators to produce a fine slurry. In this process, the material to be extracted is moved in one direction generally in the form of a fine slurry within a cylindrical extractor where it comes in contact with extraction solvent.

The further the starting material moves, the more concentrated the extract becomes. Find out how Nanonets' use cases can apply to your product. Update December this post was originally published in Oct and has since been updated numerous times. Here's a slide summarizing the findings in this article. Here's an alternate version of this post. But this is quite challenging to do in the case of PDFs.

Let's look at the 5 most popular ways in which businesses extract data from PDFs. Automated data extraction using Nanonets Get Started. Schedule a Demo. Get Started.

Please enter at least 3 characters 0 Results for your search. May we suggest a tag? OCR Deep Learning automation information extraction invoice ocr invoice digitization AI computer vision machine learning Text Recognition digitization data extraction Object Detection artificial intelligence OpenCV Automated field extraction optical character recognition table extraction document digitisation ap automation.