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The impact of this outdoor air ventilation on a natatorium changes with the weather and the geographic location of the facility. Introducing outdoor air during the summer generally adds moisture to the space, and in the winter, removes moisture from the space.

For maximum dehumidification load calculations, the summer design conditions are considered. Construction codes generally require that outdoor air be introduced into a commercial building during occupied hours. The purpose of this outdoor air, in part, is to help dilute chemicals off-gassed from water. Exceeding code requirements for outdoor air will not necessarily provide better air quality.

In winter, it will significantly increase the operating expenses, and in summer, may increase the dehumidification load. Figure 2 provides a snapshot of the basic data that would generally need to be entered to calculate a load. Good indoor air quality must be a primary goal for all. If it is a top concern, it will get the attention it needs and deserves.

Currently, there is no definition regarding what chemical levels are acceptable before having a negative impact on human physiology. A slightly more stringent value of 0. A possible outcome of the project described herein is identification of a different guideline for gas-phase NCl3 concentration, but for now, most recognize the need to stay under 0. Currently, there are no viable trichloramine sensors that can be used in HVAC, so the research is hoping to find a suitable replacement, perhaps similar to VOC or CO2 levels.

Once that is established, HVAC system control strategies will be able to adjust based on the chemical levels in the space. While this can have an impact on the IAQ, it will always be reactive to the chemicals already being off-gassed.

Addressing water chemical levels directly will have a more immediate impact on IAQ because fewer chemicals will off-gas. Maintaining optimal chemical levels should always be the focus when trying to achieve the best possible IAQ. Designers that follow ASHRAE Handbook guidelines, as well as those recommended in this guide, should have every expectation of a great space condition and a pleasant indoor pool experience. There are steps a design engineer must take to minimize the chances that a patron experiences discomfort or ill health effects.

There are many factors that impact the IAQ in a natatorium. Four key factors having the most direct impact on indoor air quality are under the control of the design engineer:. Factors that have a significant impact on IAQ but are not under the control of the HVAC design engineer are pool water chemistry, maintenance, operation, and patron behavior.

It is vital that these are addressed by the facility operator. The single most important focus of the HVAC design is to provide adequate supply air down into the breathing zone.

The supply air from the HVAC system has been conditioned and filtered with outdoor air blended in. It is the best quality air the system has to offer.

When supply air is delivered down into the breathing zone, patrons will enjoy the best possible air quality. A properly designed facility will adequately control and remove chloramines while providing the treated and conditioned air to where it is most needed — into the breathing zone and deck area. ASHRAE recommendations for proper volumetric supply air changes per hour are important to ensuring that the entire room will see air movement.

Stagnant areas must be avoided, as they will be prone to condensation and air quality problems. Short circuiting between supply and return air must also be avoided as it significantly reduces the actual air changes within the space and the overall effectiveness of the HVAC system. The amount of outdoor air to be introduced to the facility is determined by local codes. Outdoor air is critical towards diluting airborne chemicals and maintaining good indoor air quality. All air handlers for indoor pools must be equipped with an outdoor air connection, filter, two-position motorized damper, and balancing damper.

More exhaust air than recommended by ASHRAE will not reduce or stop moisture migration through the building envelope to the outdoors in cold weather. Vapor migrates based on vapor pressure differential.

There is no amount of negative airside pressure that can be added to a space to stop vapor migration. To prevent this, vapor retarders must be placed in appropriate locations throughout the entire building envelope. Figure 3 illustrates how the strategic location of the exhaust grille can also significantly improve the air quality in the space. An indoor spa or whirlpool should have the exhaust air intake grille located directly above it.

This source captures and extracts the highest concentration of pollutants before they can diffuse into the space and negatively impact the room air quality. If the Evacuator is being used, it addresses the exhaust air requirements of the space while providing a terrific secondary HVAC benefit.

Since it exhausts directly from the water surface, that air gets replaced by air from the space. This enhances the breathing zone by helping draw air down all the way to the water and deck surface. If there are no chemicals off-gassing, there is no air quality issue. All efforts towards minimized chemical off-gassing in the design and operation of the pool will directly impact the IAQ.

Pool water chemistry and facility operation are key variables impacting IAQ that are not generally under the control of the design engineer. Good pool water chemistry is critical in order to achieve high levels of human health and comfort. Maintaining ideal pool water conditions also ensures the best possible indoor air quality and optimal performance from the mechanical system.

There are new technologies available to help with water chemistry and chloramine management, such as the Evacuator system and ultraviolet UV light treatment systems. It is a common misconception that a strong chlorine odor is caused by too much chlorine in the water. The odor is actually caused by chloramines combined chlorines off-gassing from the pool water surface. Chloramines are formed in the pool water when there is insufficient free chlorine in the pool to address the nitrogen-containing compounds brought into the pool water by the swimmers.

These nitrogen compounds are naturally occurring and contained in sweat, urine, body oils, and other proteins that get released into the pool water.

If the introduction of these nitrogen compounds outpaces the introduction of free chlorine, the chlorine combines with the nitrogen compounds rather than fully oxidizing them. The chloramine levels increase in the water, resulting in an increase in chloramine off-gassing, which creates the odor of chlorine in the room. There are three different types of chloramines that can form: monochloramine, dichloramine, and trichloramine. Trichloramine is the most volatile and will off-gas most quickly.

Off-gassed chloramines have a strong attraction to the airborne humidity and will combine with moisture in the air. Consequently, any condensation of the space humidity will become corrosive. A very effective method of chloramine control is to source capture them off the water surface and exhaust them before they have a chance to become an IAQ problem. The Evacuator system was designed for exactly this purpose. The result is top notch air quality, even on retrofitted systems.

Ultraviolet light treatment of pool water has shown to have a very positive impact on the water chemistry and can help significantly reduce chloramines if not eliminate them entirely. This approach to water treatment is gaining popularity, and as positive data continues to be released, should become the norm. Any condensation of the space humidity will become corrosive. It is critical that the space humidity levels be controlled to prevent condensation, as it will damage the building and mechanical system.

By design, indoor pool environments are warmer and, as a result, have higher dew point temperatures compared to traditional spaces.

Engineers and architects must understand the consequences of moist corrosive air and pay special attention to its potential impact on the entire HVAC system and building envelope. It is a best practice to ensure that all electrical components are located in a separate mechanical vestibule, protected from the pool air stream.

All components in contact with the pool air stream should be protected with the best possible corrosion resistant paints, coatings, and materials available. An indoor pool and humidified space can experience condensation problems and serious damage to the building structure in cold weather if they are not designed properly. Condensation is a major concern for all types of building construction. Condensation triggers a destruction process, as it leads to the growth of mold and mildew.

If allowed to occur inside the building walls or roof, condensation will cause deterioration and can devastate the structure by freezing in winter. A successful design will identify and blanket building elements that have low R-values typically exterior windows with warm supply air to prevent condensation.

Window frames and emergency exit doors must also be thermally broken to avoid condensation. Condensation forms on surfaces when surface temperatures are lower than the dew point of the surrounding air.

The first step in condensation control is to establish the space dew point temperature based on the desired space conditions. With that information, the designer can establish potential condensation spots in the building. Pools have a much higher likelihood of condensation because of both an elevated space temperature and slightly higher relative humidity, resulting in a very high dew point. These are building elements with low R-values that will have an inside surface temperature below the dew point at winter design condition.

Most importantly, the dew point also establishes where to locate the vapor retarder in the wall. A vapor retarder is a material that restricts the rate of water vapor diffusion through the ceilings and walls of a building when below dew point temperature occurs. Figure 5 illustrates how failure to install the vapor retarder in the proper location will result in condensation within the structure.

Condensation in the walls or roof can lead to structural failure. A vapor retarder should be sealed at all seams. It is important to ensure the entire pool enclosure design walls and ceilings has a vapor retarder in the correct location. Care must be taken where walls and roof and walls and floor meet to ensure there is no breach in the vapor barrier.

A properly located and installed vapor retarder is the only means of protecting a building structure from vapor migration that results in moisture damage.

Figure 6 is an example of a wall detail with its temperature gradient. This exercise allows the designer to identify the dew point temperature in the wall and where the vapor retarder must be installed. Windows have a relatively low R-value and, as a result, will have surface temperatures below the pool room dew point when outside temperatures are cool.

Exterior windows will develop condensation on the first cold day unless preventative measures are taken. The solution to the condensation problem is to fully blanket every part of the window with supply air from the HVAC system.

It is critical that no section be missed, or the window will get cold and condense. Since exterior windows and exterior doors are a primary condensation concern, it is extremely important that the supply air is focused in these areas.

The warm air from the dehumidifier will keep the window surface temperature above the dew point temperature and in turn, ensure the windows and exterior doors remain condensation free. Reducing energy consumption is an earth-friendly and green focus that also reduces operating costs and monthly bills. Choice of operating conditions and building envelope should be discussed during the design phase in order to ensure optimal energy consumption and performance.

For example, an all-glass structure is going to be expensive to heat and difficult to keep condensation-free in a cold climate. Pool water heating and evaporation rates are always interrelated. Every pound of moisture evaporated to the space is a load to be dehumidified, and it also represents heat lost by the pool water. While the space temperature should be dictated by the owner based on what satisfies their patrons, it is useful to be aware of a few guidelines that can help with energy consumption:.

In the summer, the outdoor air tends to be a load, but since it is warm outside, condensation is not a concern. When using a refrigeration-based approach to control humidity, the dehumidification process captures energy in the refrigerant at the evaporator coil. This captured energy can be returned to the pool water to provide free heating Figure 9. A dehumidifier with a pool water heating option has an enormous potential for energy savings. This process has an impressive coefficient of performance of 8.

Returning this free energy back to the pool water or room air greatly reduces the annual heating costs. The mechanical refrigeration system approach to controlling the environment in a pool is a unique use of the refrigeration system. Traditional air conditioning systems merely send the compressor hot gas outdoors to a condenser or cooling tower and do not tap into this heat source.

Due to increased energy savings, the pool water heating option typically pays for itself in less than one year. Table 4 highlights the annual contribution towards water heating from the dehumidifier while operating in cooling mode. Most pools require an auxiliary pool water heater. When the dehumidifier is not able to provide full water heating, it can control the auxiliary heater. As with every other room being designed, the cooling and heating load calculations should be performed for the natatorium.

That is the only way to ensure the specific heating and cooling requirements are met. Most patrons prefer buildings with year-round temperature control.

Space cooling is a free byproduct from packaged dehumidifiers and chilled water systems. These systems can provide year-round temperature and humidity control. They dehumidify by cooling the air below its dew point and condensing moisture at the cooling coil. If the cooling load exceeds the standard output of a dehumidification unit, a larger unit with compressor staging is often specified. Outdoor ventilation air is essential for maintaining good IAQ in the pool and is a code requirement.

Outdoor air must be cooled and dehumidified in the summer and heated in the winter. In southern regions, the outdoor air introduces a lot of moisture and increases the dehumidification load. Air-to-air heat exchangers are available for both sensible heat recovery and total energy recovery.

Sensible-only devices are used in natatoriums. All sensible recovery devices are effective, but some are better suited to provide a cost-effective solution.

Figure 10 highlights two examples. There are several questions that must be answered to determine which heat recovery approach is best suited for a particular facility:. Heat recovery is generally packaged as part of a dehumidifier when outdoor or rooftop installations are specified. Figure 11 shows a schematic of a recommended glycol runaround loop heat recovery method. This heat recovery option can be packaged seamlessly within the dehumidifier or remotely installed in the ductwork.

The plate heat recovery devices in Figure 10 require special and complicated air paths within the unit. This increases the unit size and cost and also has a large airside pressure drop, which increases blower motor sizes and operating costs. The annualized energy recovery of the glycol runaround loop outperforms any other form of heat recovery. The glycol runaround loop approach to heat recovery offers the best performance and design flexibility in the smallest cabinet possible.

This heat recovery coil set fits directly onto the outdoor air and exhaust air openings already provided on the unit without increasing the cabinet size. They are also easily sized to meet the specific requirements of the facility. The result is a compact, cost-effective heat recovery option that outperforms other technologies.

The compact nature of this design results in lighter-weight cabinets compared to units integrating plate heat recovery technology. This is an important consideration on applications where roof loads are a concern. The glycol runaround loop approach is well suited for the corrosive indoor pool environment as it offers superior corrosion protection compared to plate heat recovery devices.

The glycol runaround loop approach is also well suited for cold climate applications. On the coldest winter days, when heat recovery is needed the most, other heat recovery devices require the bypassing of air to prevent the device from freezing. However, the glycol approach does not present this risk.

The introduction of the heat recovery coils into the existing air streams offers a substantially lower overall airside pressure drop compared to units with dual air paths and complicated internal air patterns.

This configuration offers the end user the lowest possible operating cost while providing the best possible heat recovery effectiveness. A heat recovery option in a cold climate application will typically pay for itself after one year due to increased energy savings.

The savings are noteworthy even in a mild climate, where these devices generally pay for themselves in two to three years. Air movement and circulation is a significant energy component in indoor pools. These numbers do not even factor in other possible expenses such as electrical service upgrades or additional capacity charges from the local utility. Considerations during the design phase and equipment selection can help minimize the energy footprint. Saving costs upfront on an inefficient ductwork design may actually drive up overall operating costs significantly.

Most equipment today is built with direct drive plenum fans. At the core of every successful natatorium design is a system that provides the operator the year-round conditions they expected while meeting ASHRAE design standards, satisfying local codes, and being as energy efficient as possible.

Understanding that product flexibility is essential allows the designer to work through the project-specific issues without compromising design. The overall performance of a natatorium will be directly impacted by the number of deviations and compromises taken in the design stage. Once all the design parameters have been established, the only remaining decisions will be what the designer would like incorporated into their dehumidifier and what they want provided externally. Some of the configurations available from most manufacturers include unit-mounted heating coils, exhaust fans, heat recovery packages, weatherproof outdoor cabinets, and a variety of heat rejection options.

The project-specific details generally dictate what is the most appropriate. Ensuring that the system will deliver good indoor air quality is quite possibly the most important design consideration of all. The designer must discuss with the owner the desired pool water temperature, room temperature, and relative humidity.

Operating conditions have a tremendous impact on the entire design and cannot be changed by a large degree after the fact. It is critical that the designer educate the owner on the implications of their operating temperature choices. Reduced evaporation in turn reduces the pool water heating requirement. Calculate the supply air requirement of the space based on the room volume.

The target air change rate per ASHRAE is volumetric air changes per hour, with a air change rate in spectator areas. This calculation establishes the entire air handling system. Introducing more outdoor air than codes require is not recommended. In winter, it will increase space heating and pool water heating costs significantly.

Too much outdoor air in winter can also lower the relative humidity levels to uncomfortable levels for the patrons. The room should have a slight negative pressure.

A well-located exhaust fan can significantly improve the air quality in the space. If the space has a spa or whirlpool, the exhaust air intake grille should be located directly above it.

This source captures and extracts the most contaminant-laden air before it can diffuse into the space and negatively impact the room air quality. The natatorium needs to be heated, cooled, and dehumidified. This requires the accurate calculation of the following loads:. All manufacturers offer the ability to include the heating coil inside the dehumidifier.

The coil should be fully corrosion protected and suitable for a pool environment. Manufacturers generally offer unit-mounted control valves as well. Care must be taken when considering gas heating. If chlorine from the natatorium is allowed to mix with combustion gases, hydrochloric acid HCl forms and is very corrosive.

It is a best practice to select a gas heat option that has been engineered to fully prevent this from ever happening. Establish the space dew point temperature based on the desired space conditions.

Once established, the designer must identify all potential condensation spots in the building. Any surface temperature below the dew point of the space will condense moisture.

The higher the dew point, the bigger the challenge. A vapor retarder restricts the rate of water vapor diffusion through the ceilings and walls of a building when below dew point temperature occurs.

Failure to install the vapor retarder in the proper location will result in condensation within the structure and lead to structural failure. Always ensure the vapor retarder is sealed at all the seams. The energy consumption and performance implications of the building type and operating conditions must be discussed with the owner. Operating conditions have a tremendous impact on operating costs.

The pool room should be kept as warm as possible and also be comfortable to patrons. Reduced evaporation reduces the dehumidifier size and runtime as well as the pool water heating requirement. It is site-recovered energy with a very attractive return on investment. Ensure that the pool water circuit is designed to allow water to be delivered to the unit reliably. The natatorium also needs to be maintained at a slight negative air pressure, so warm energy rich air can be exhausted.

These two air streams at vastly different conditions present a perfect opportunity for heat recovery. It is a best practice to leverage heat recovery between these two air streams.

A glycol runaround loop has many benefits over other methods of heat recovery, and is recommended. Adding the glycol runaround loop heat recovery option to a dehumidifier in a cold climate application will typically pay for itself after one year. Verify with local codes whether condensate return to the pool is allowed. While condensate is generally considered gray water, this condensate is actually cleaner, and can help realize considerable water savings if introduced upstream of the filters and chemical treatment.

If a compressorized system is being used, efforts should be made to minimize the system refrigerant charge and reduce the refrigerant piping complexity. Fluid-cooled systems are a popular option because of their inherently low refrigerant charge and simple installation.

Specific market segments have gravitated towards unit designs because of their overall features, ease of installation, first cost, and system performance.

Hotel and residential pools are typically smaller with light usage compared to institutional pools. Air Conditioning Alternating Current. In Air Conditioning, the circulation of present occasionally rotates in between 2 directions, often creating a sine wave. The frequency of Air Conditioner is determined in Hertz Hz , and also is generally 60 Hz for electrical power in domestic and also business purposes.

Finishing an electric engineering level as well as then getting a work in the area means you will see a great deal a whole lot a lot of these schematics. It s vital to understand exactly just what is going on with these. Beginning to make feeling? These are the basics and might also appear obvious or intuitive to you, such as the cords and also if they are connected. Whenever you identify your particular field of electrical design, you could see extra intricate representations as well as icons.

You ll learn likewise that different nations make use of various symbols. For instance, of the two icons for resistors above, the initial one is utilized in the U. You will certainly additionally find out about the numerous symbols made use of for switches, other power supplies, inductors, meters, lights, LEDs, transistors, antennas, and also far more. You may also like.